Muslim and Christian Youth Break Ramadan Fast Together in Jos

On Thursday, 2 August 2012, around 80 Muslim and Christian youth gathered at the YACPIF office to break the Ramadan fast together.

First, Mallam Farouk from Jama’atu Nasril Islam (JNI) discussed the importance of Ramadan in the Islamic faith.

Once the sun set, the dinner began with fruit.

Dates and other fruit were distributed.

Next, kosai and kunu were served.

Finally, minerals were served with fish and rice.

Throughout the dinner, both Muslims and Christians shared messages of peace.

After the dinner, certificates were presented to youth who recently completed the YACPIF computer class.

Finally, friends departed in good cheer.

Peace in Jos: Marching forward, little by little

by Carmen McCain

Published by Weekly Trust on 31 March 2012

For the link to the article, click here.

Last week, I reviewed Rev. Yakubu Pam and Dr. Katrina Korb’s book Fighting for Peace: Learning from the Peace Heroes Among Us, which tells stories of both Christians and Muslims who have overcome prejudices and hardships to work for peace. The day after I turned in my review, I attended the launching for the book held Thursday, 22 March, at the office of the Young Ambassadors for Community Peace and Interfaith Foundation (YACPIF) in Jos. Although initially envisioning a bigger affair, the authors felt it would be inappropriate to have a large launching while families were still grieving after the two church bombings in Jos and subsequent violence against members of the Muslim community. Instead they combined a youth meeting with the book launch. While the meeting was attended by a few people from the university and the film industry, including filmmaker Sani Mu’azu who had written the forward to the book, most of the participants were youth from the community involved with YACPIF as “young ambassadors.” It was their voices who were most heard at the event. If reading the book had sometimes brought tears to my eyes, I was even more touched by hearing Christian and Muslim young people tell in their own voices, stories of friendship and peacemaking.

Several of the people whose stories were featured in the book were at the event: Pastor Sunday, whose church had been burnt three times but who continued to work for community reconciliation and Magaji Sule, who said that he’d been a troublemaker since he was 9 years old, many times leading Muslim youth in fighting. If not for his affirming encounter with Rev. Pam, said Magaji, “I would have been Osama. But they gave me a certificate of peace, so that now the world knows I am a peacemaker. Nothing is better than peace.” “Politicians are using us,” he said. “Have you ever seen their children fighting alongside us? Are we fools?”

Also featured in the book and at the event was Augustine Davou, who had often joined in fighting and had several friends who had been shot in previous crises. When he was first invited to go for “peace football” training, he cynically approached it as an opportunity to get a free t-shirt and play football. However, some of the exercises, such as one that demonstrated how rumours are spread, revolutionized his outlook on life. His friends used to come to him saying “Dem say dem dey come,” yet would only end up hurting themselves and other innocent people. Like Magaji, he ended his story with a plea to the youth: “Sometimes youth, we value politicians more than a programme like this.” If a politician does a rally, “you will see youths” crowding around “because they know maybe small money will come and they will share it. Maybe the money they will share within themselves will not even be up to N200. How many hours will you use to spend N200, but peace, this is something I believe that all of us here want.”

Other youth, who were not featured in the book, spoke about how their thinking had been changed. A Christian Timothy Daweng spoke of how he had been impacted by the peace film club that YACPIF hosts every Monday, as well as by the computer certificate course they offer to youth in the community. “Before I came to this place, I had thought I could not eat with a Muslim brother. But since I came to this place, I have a new mindset. I came to realize I can live in peace and harmony with a Muslim brother.”

Like Augustine, a Muslim Saraut Aminu described how youth were getting themselves killed over rumour, narrating how not long ago some friends came to him and told him that three okada drivers had been killed and that he should come with them to fight. “Where were they killed?” he asked. They didn’t know any details. “Somebody told us,” they said. He pointed out that the person who saw the bodies should take one of the many soldiers stationed in the city to the spot, but if youth go out with knives and guns to avenge rumoured deaths, they will simply get themselves killed.

Saraut also narrated a gripping story of the power of interfaith friendship. Calling Coach Moses, who organizes community peace football programs, to the front of the room, he said, “Coach Moses is a very good Christian. […] You will never see Coach Moses smoking. You will never see Coach Moses or his family fighting.” If everyone could be like Coach Moses, he said, there would be no crisis in Jos. He narrated that on the first day of crisis, on a Friday, Coach Moses’s brother helped his father find a safe way back home. The same day, one of Saraut’s Christian friends, whom he had only two weeks before loaned a tire to use on his motorbike, attacked him in front of Coach Moses’s house, telling him “Today is the end of your life.”  Somebody put a tire on his neck. His erstwhile friend brought petrol. As they were about to light him on fire, “I saw Coach Moses from inside his house shouting.” He came out with his brothers, roaring, “No one will kill this man unless he kills me first.” Coach Moses took him into his house and protected Saraut even when youth outside threatened to burn his house. At night, they sneaked him to a safe place. Since that time, he said that whenever there is trouble in town, Coach Moses is the first to call him, “Saraut, where are you?”

“If you are calling yourself a Muslim, if you are calling yourself a Christian,” asked Saraut, “can you do what Coach Moses did? I will tell you why I am here. Coach Moses made me trust a very good Christian. A very good Christian will never bring a gun or knife. If you are a Christian, please I want everybody to be attending church. If you are Muslim I want you to be going to mosque. If you are praying five times a day you will never carry a gun or knife to kill anyone. Because no church or mosque will tell you to go and fight or go out with a knife to kill.”

So many of the stories we hear these days fill us with despair: bomb blasts, schools burned, innocent people dying daily. But in the midst of all the bad news, we must not overlook these stories of friendship and love, such as the stories told here or the story told by Margaret Ahmed of the Homemaker’s Women Development Initiative near the end of the launching about how, in November 2011, Muslim women in Jos donated six bags of clothes to Christian victims of the Barkin Ladi crisis. Last week, after I posted the link to my article on Facebook, one of my friends asked me what of those in Kaduna. “You all in Kaduna should write a book too,” I told him. All of us need to take the responsibility to spread stories of grace rather than destructive rumours. If our minds are filled with reminders of the kindness and humanity of our neighbors, it will become much harder to fall prey to manipulation by those who would use us to help destroy our own society. This is the way we march forward, little by little.

Learning how to fight…peacefully

by Carmen McCain

Published by Weekly Trust on 24 March 2012

For the link to the article, click here.

During the November 2008 crisis in Jos, an old Muslim man went to sit on the steps of the neighborhood Assemblies of God church in Kwararafa. Four times, he turned away angry youth who wanted to burn the church. The fifth time, the youth attacked him. Two weeks later he died of his wounds. Before he died, he told his wife, “You tell Pastor that he shouldn’t worry. For what I have done for the church is for the sake of peace and the neighborhood and I love him very well.” Thus goes one of the first stories found in Fighting for Peace: Learning from the Peace Heroes Among Us by Reverend Yakubu Pam and Dr. Katrina A. Korb. In the book, which was launched at the Young Ambassadors for Community Peace and Inter-faith Foundation (YACPIF) office in Jos on Thursday, the authors follow the thesis of Ugandan priest Emmanuel Katongole (presented briefly in a guest column by Dr. Korb in September 2011) that the stories we tell shape the people we become. Fighting for Peace challenges negative stereotypes heard so often of Plateau State and the north, telling detailed stories of eleven heroes, both Muslims and Christians, who, in the face of violence, chose the path of peace. The book is in much the same genre as Ruth Beattie’s, My Brother’s Keeper: Stories of Grace from the Jos Plateau (ACTS: 2010) that compares the author’s experiences growing up during the political and religious conflict in Northern Ireland with her observations of the conflict in Jos. However, while My Brother’s Keeper tells stories of “good Samaritan” Christians and Muslims directed to an explicitly Christian audience, Fighting for Peace attempts to balance between Christian and Muslim perspectives, offering arguments for peace from pastors and imams, the Bible and Qur’an.

One of the things that most struck me in the book was its focus on grace and the powerful testimonies of how once outspoken warmongers had become peace advocates—the revolutionary change that can happen when two opposing sides meet and realize how much they have in common. Such change is found in the story of one of the authors, Reverend Yakubu Pam, who had once, in his own words, believed “an eye for an eye. Kill one Christian, kill one Muslim. We will retaliate”. As one-time chairman of the Plateau State chapter of the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), Rev. Pam had been so confrontational after the 2004 Yelwa crisis that President Obasanjo, on a visit to the state, called him an “idiot.” However, as he began to work on the Plateau State Inter-Religious Committee and for the first time became friends with Muslims, his outlook began to change. By 2009, his old prejudices had been so transformed that he founded the Young Ambassadors, to bring Christian and Muslim youth together to work for peace. January 2011 found him standing on a car in front of Christian youth who were preparing to attack a neighboring community, shouting “You must stop this thing!”

Another powerful story of a change of heart is found in the story of Magaji Sule, who was a self-admitted political thug in Bukuru. He had led Muslim youth in attacks and burned houses. However, in 2010, an encounter with Rev. Pam caused him and a Christian youth leader in the neighboring community of Gyel to call off mutual hostilities. After both youth were recognized with a “Peace Ambassador certificate to honor their courageous efforts to maintain peace in their communities” they embraced and became friends. From that time Magaji Sule has become a “zealous peace ambassador,” doing much to keep Bukuru calm in times of crisis. On the Christian side, Augustine Davou, who had once fought among Christian youth, found his thinking changed following a football peace training program with YACPIF. On site of the 2010 Christmas Eve Gada Biu bombing in Jos, Augustine stopped a group of Christian youth from lashing out against the Muslim community, telling them violence “is not going to help the situation. In anything we do, let us not just do it for the sake of today, but let’s think of tomorrow.”

These three stories were directly related to the YACPIF advocacy group, but other chapters narrate powerful stories of other Christians and Muslims who despite being personally harmed followed personal convictions to love their neighbor. Hajiya Nafisat, for example, the national legal advisor for the Federation of Muslim Women Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN) has been uprooted multiple times since the 2001 Jos crisis. In 2010, the house her family had spent twelve years building was burned by Christian youth. However, only three days after her house was burnt, she went, wearing donated second-hand clothes, to speak at a peace forum, telling a mixed Christian and Muslim youth audience, “I believe it was just madness, something just went off in us and then brought out the inhumanity in us. Despite that, there were good lessons: that Christians were saved by Muslims, and Muslims were saved by Christians.” Similarly the newly built home of Ustaz Farouq Muhammad, third imam of the Fiber mosque in Jos, was destroyed by a Christian mob in 2009. Later, he discovered some Christian laborers, who worked in his company, wearing his clothes. They told him that they had not realized it was his house they had destroyed, and he allowed them to keep both the clothes and their jobs. He said that he learned forgiveness from the Qur’an, saying, “He who has patience and perseverance and will forgive and forget, this is very difficult but the reward is big.” Another example of forgiveness comes from the story of Pastor Sunday, whose church building and home was burned twice by Muslims, but who continued to build relationships with his Muslim neighbors, including paying out of his own pocket for his parishioner’s windscreen that a Muslim child had broken. When he was called before the Plateau State governor in 2004 during a mixed Christian and Muslim delegation, he told the governor good stories about his Muslim neighbors including that some had been wounded while trying to protect the church. Pastor Sunday has become a strong advocate of Christian and Muslim community integration.

These are just some of the stories that demonstrate that humanity and grace exist on both sides of the religious divide in Jos, and by extension much of the rest of the north. Pam and Korb point out how these examples illustrate theories of peacemaking developed by other leaders of non-violence around the world, such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Mohandas Gandhi.

The book is complemented by a colour photo insert of some of the people and events described, including a few of my own photos. The main critique I have of the book is that interviewing in English seems to have limited the expression of a few people who might have been more comfortable speaking in Hausa. Translation may have made for smoother reading. However, despite a few flaws of this sort, I think the book should be required reading not only in Jos, where most of the stories occur, but also across the country. In an age where extremists seem to rule and stereotypes and myths feed mutual violence, we need to be reminded that prejudice is the greatest cause of division. The most important fight of our lives should be one in which we join hands across the divide in a nonviolent struggle for peace. The role models described here show us the way.

Dedicating the book Fighting for Peace.

YACPIF Computer Class

YACPIF asked their Peace Ambassadors, youth working for peace in their communities, what activities they thought that YACPIF could sponsor to further peace. They frequently replied, “Empowerment for the youth.” What type of empowerment, YACPIF asked. Since the YACPIF office has a small computer lab, the youth suggested computer classes.

As a result, in October 2011, YACPIF begin having a weekly computer class. Every Wednesday, about 20 youth, equally Christian and Muslim, come together to learn computer skills. In the process, they also learn peacebuilding skills. Perhaps more than any other activity that YACPIF has sponsored, the computer classes also foster inter-religious friendships.

Computer class in the YACPIF computer lab.

Reviewing the day's lesson by asking each student a question.

The first YACPIF Computer Class completed their exams, and certificates were awarded during a recent YACPIF Peace Ambassador Assembly.

Rev. Yakubu Pam, YACPIF Director, and Father, Computer Teacher, awarding a certificate.

First graduating YACPIF computer class.

Forum for Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Conflict Mediation in Jos, Plateau State

The Canadian High Commission, in cooperation with the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and YACPIF, sponsored a Forum for Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Conflict Mediation in Jos, Plateau State on Wednesday, 29 February 2012. About thirty religious leaders, community leaders, and representatives of NGOs working for peace in Jos gathered to discuss factors contributing to the ongoing crisis in Jos as well as strategies to end the cycle of violence. Mr. David Lambo of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue also shared his experiences in conflict mediation across the African continent.

Canadian High Commissioner and David Lambo at the High Table.

YACPIF was able to send four youth representatives to the program to share their perspectives.

Group picture of all participants

YACPIF Christmas Celebration

On 13 November, YACPIF held a party to celebrate a peaceful Muslim Sallah holiday. About six weeks later, Christian and Muslim youths gathered again to celebrate a peaceful Christmas holiday. Like at the Sallah celebration, there were prayers for peace and both Christian and Muslim youth discussed the need for peace in Jos.

Peace Speeches

A Christian and Muslim youth cutting the Christmas cake.

Sharing the Christmas meal.

We are very thankful for all these youth are doing to keep peace in their areas!

YACPIF Sallah Celebration

The most recent round of violence in Jos was on the Eid ul-Fitr Sallah holiday in late August. About six weeks later, Jos was tense, wondering if violence would occur on the Eid al-Adha Sallah holiday. Thankfully, the Eid al-Adha Sallah passed without violence!

The day after the Eid al-Adha Sallah, Adams called YACPIF saying that Muslim and Christian youth in his area came together at a big party to celebrate the Sallah. He suggested that YACPIF sponsor a similar Sallah party. Later that week, three Muslim youth gathered at the YACPIF social center to make plans for the YACPIF Sallah Celebration.

The YACPIF Sallah Celebration held on Sunday, 13 November, one week after the actual Sallah holiday. It was an afternoon filled with fun, friendship, food, and wishes for peace.

Dickson was the emcee of the event, and he called on both Muslims and Christians to give speeches about peace. Representatives from both faiths also prayed for peace in Plateau State.

Mrs. Pam made a beautiful cake to celebrate the event.

The event ended with dancing.

It was a very successful event, and the Christian youth are planning on hosting a similar celebration around Christmas.

Peace Banners

YACPIF has acquired a Social Center in Jos. The Social Center is located in a “border area” between a Christian and a Muslim communities. The purpose of the Social Center is to provide a space where Muslim and Christian youth come together and build friendships.

To decorate the YACPIF Social Center, the youth came together for two days to create peace banners.

Step 1: Plan the banner

Step 2: Draw the banner on tracing paper.

Step 3: Use a razor blade to cut out the design from the tracing paper.

Step 4: Paint the design onto the banner.

Step 5: Remove the tracing paper

Completed banners!

Say NO to violence. We have to adore each other.

 

No progress without unity.

 

Both religions preach peace

Radical Peacemaker

When the Plateau State crises began in 2001, Reverend Pam was not personally affected by the violence. However, Rev. Pam describes himself as a Christian radical when the crises first began. “My view was quite straightforward, it was just an eye for an eye. Kill one Christian, kill one Muslim. We will retaliate.” He turned down many invitations to meet with Muslim leaders to discuss peace because he did not believe there could be peace between Christians and Muslims.

Rev Pam and his wife, Lucy, at the Peace Cup Tournament in December 2010. Copyright Carmen McCain.

In late February 2004, dozens of Tarok Christians were killed in Yelwa, a village in southern Plateau State. Two months later, hundreds of Fulani Muslims were killed in reprisal attacks. Just days after attack against the Muslims, then-President Obasanjo visited Plateau State. As the state chairman of the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), Rev Pam was selected to ask the President three questions regarding the crises in Plateau State, one of which was why he had not visited the area two months ago when Christians were killed.

In response to Rev. Pam’s questions, the President replied: “What role have you played to bring about peace as CAN chairman in Plateau State? CAN, my foot! What kind of CAN chairman are you? Did your own Christianity teach you about revenge? You are an idiot. A total idiot. And I have no apologies for that.”

After this incident, Rev Pam was selected to be the chairman of the Plateau State Inter-Religious Committee. Through this committee, Rev Pam began interacting with top leaders from the Muslim community and developed close relationships with Muslims for the first time in his life. After being selected as the chairman of the Inter-Religious Committee, Rev. Pam was transferred to a church in Kwararafa, a Muslim-majority area in Jos. The church building had been destroyed in the 2001 crisis and the church was in the process of rebuilding the structure. Because of the importance of the relationships he had developed with Muslims on the Inter-Religious Committee, Rev. Pam felt that he also needed to visit the Muslim neighbors around his church to develop relationships with them. The relationships that Rev. Pam developed with the Muslim neighbors in his community indeed yielded great fruit. The Muslim neighbors have protected Rev. Pam’s church from being burnt in at least three separate occasions when youth from outside of the area have tried to destroy the church.

In 2006, the UN invited Rev. Pam to the Youth Assembly on Global Peace that met every August for three years. At the program, people from around the world shared their experiences of violence in their local communities. Rev. Pam was shocked to learn that other places were also experiencing violence similar to that of Plateau State, places like Rwanda and India. Hearing testimonies of conflict by people from different nations, ethnic groups, and religions helped Rev. Pam change his thinking from focusing on the welfare of just Christians to instead thinking about the welfare of all human beings, regardless of their religion or ethnic group.

Over those years he was attending the UN programmes, Rev. Pam was also thinking about what he could do within Jos to foster peace. In early 2009, Rev. Pam met with some key leaders to discuss a new organization that would engage the youth to be leaders in bringing peace to their grassroots communities. The organization was named the Young Ambassadors for Community Peace and Inter-Faith Foundation (YACPIF).

Rev. Pam speaking at the Jos North Peace Cup Opening Ceremony.

Rev. Pam’s work with the youth began in his church’s community of Kwararafa. A group of Muslim youth began coming to Rev. Pam’s church to discuss issues regarding peace. Rev. Pam shared what he had learnt at the UN, including how violence had destroyed other places like Rwanda. He told the youth that the violence needs to stop because nobody would gain anything from violence. Rev. Pam and the youth agreed that they could work together to avoid violent conflict so they could live together in a peaceful environment. The youth were interested in the discussions and continued coming on a regular basis throughout December 2009. During these discussions, the youth and Rev. Pam talked about engaging more youth in the community to participate in peace. However, the crisis in January 2010 prevented them from immediately carrying out the plans. The youths who participated in the discussions with Rev. Pam were the same youths who protected his church from being burnt in that crisis.

Once the area had calmed down after the crisis, the youth planned a peace rally to bring together more youth to encourage them to prevent violence so they could develop a peaceful environment. The Kwararafa Muslim youth mobilized about a thousand other youth in neighboring communities to attend a peace rally at the Kwararafa Cinema Hall. All of the youth who spoke at the peace rally were eager for peace to return to their communities. Because of the successful peace rally in Kwararafa, YACPIF sponsored peace rallies in seven other communities in Plateau State: Bukuru, Dadin Kowa, Nasarawa, Zaria Road, Rayfield, Tudun Wada, and Riyom. The Bukuru peace rally was held in March 2010, shortly after Bukuru had been burnt. This rally was instrumental in transferring Magaji from a political thug into a peacemaker. At the peace rally in the Rayfield and Mai-Adikio communities, a Reverend and an Imam stood together, raised their clasped hands, and publically declared that they would work together to promote peace from that day. The series of peace rallies was concluded with a state-wide rally in 1st July 2010, attended by thousands of youth from across the state.

Rev. Pam at the state-wide Peace Rally in July 2010. Copyright Carmen McCain.

In January 2011, violence threatened Jos again. The Bukuru community had been burnt the year before and all of the Christians had been driven out of Bukuru, leaving Bukuru as a predominantly Muslim community. The Christians whose houses had been destroyed had relocated to Gyel, and they were still angry because of their loss. Because of the tense atmosphere in Jos, there was fear in both the Christian and the Muslim communities. The Muslims feared that Christians would march into Bukuru for revenge and the Christians feared that the Muslims would march into Gyel.

One night in the midst of the tension, Rev Pam received notice that the Christian youth were already gathering to march into Bukuru for revenge from being driven out of Bukuru the year before. He called the pastors of churches in that area and told them to warn their youth to not fight. Rev Pam also received news that the army was present where the Christian youth had gathered, but they could do nothing to prevent the violence because the soldiers were too few. Rev Pam called the General Officer Commanding (GOC) and asked him to send more soldiers to help prevent the revenge attacks. The GOC promised that soldiers were on the way, but it would take time for them to arrive. Meanwhile, the pastors tried calling their youth to order them to stand down. However, the pastors phoned Rev. Pam back and said that the youth refused to listen. The pastors reported that the youth were about to enter Bukuru.

Since the soldiers would not arrive in time to prevent the Christian youth from attacking Bukuru, Rev. Pam decided to use his position as a CAN leader to reason with the youth to stop the violence. Therefore, Rev. Pam drove his car to the place where the Christian youth had gathered. When he arrived, he discovered that many youth had gathered with stones, sticks, and guns. As Rev Pam pulled up, the youth started cheering and hailing Rev Pam, thinking that he had come to provide them with fuel for burning the Muslim houses. Instead, Rev Pam got out of his car and climbed onto the roof. The youth gathered around the car. When the youth had surrounded the car, Rev Pam shouted at them, “You must stop this thing! You must stop this thing! Right now, the armies are coming and they have been given an order to shoot. You may be our governor tomorrow. If you die today, you will not have the privilege to lead us. I have taken enough shock of the youth that they have killed, I don’t want to lose any of you. I take God, I beg you, I beg you, I beg you. I know your heart is hurt. You want to get into Bukuru. But please, don’t go.”

The youth who had surrounded the car surrendered and agreed not to enter Bukuru for revenge. However, they said that a few youth had already gone inside Bukuru. Rev Pam begged them to call the youth who had already entered Bukuru and beg them to come back. The few youth who had entered Bukuru had already burnt two or three houses, but they were called back. Shortly after Rev Pam addressed the youth, the soldiers arrived at the scene and the situation was diffused.

Local Peace Football Programs

After the success of the Peace Cup football program in Jos North and Jos South that brought Christian and Muslim youths together to teach peacebuilding skills through the platform of football, the Young Ambassadors suggested that Peace Football programs be held in their local communities. Therefore, YACPIF has taken the Peace Football program into three local areas inside Jos that are prone to violence: Kabong, Anglo-Jos, and Angwan Rogo. Youths who participated as players in the Peace Cup in 2010 now are serving as leaders in peace initiatives in their local areas.

The first local peace football program was in Augustine Davou’s local area of Kabong. After participating in the Jos North Peace Cup program, he mobilized about 40 youth from his area to participate in a three-day football program at a local field. Augustine took the lead in many of the peace stations and peace talks.

Augustine talking to the youth in his area about peace in the Kabong football program.

The second local football program was held in Anglo-Jos.

The football program was the first time that the youths came face to face with one another since the recent violence. Youths from both sides of the conflict recognized those on the other side who were involved in the burning and killing during the violence of the previous year and a half. Because of this, some of the youth did not want to participate in the program. To salvage the situation, a community leader, Bilhatu, gave them a peace talk.

She described the current condition of Anglo-Jos and asked the youths how they felt about it. Almost all of them said they were not happy about it. Bilhatu then asked the youths who was responsible for the problems. Few youths responded. She told them that they were all responsible for the problems. She told them that whether they participated in the fighting or not, they were also responsible for the violence through their words. The words spoken to their friends could have caused them to participate in the violence.

If they were not happy about the situation, Bilhatu continued, then they needed to take proactive steps in order to restore the broken relationships. She asked the youth to think about how they wanted the community to be in the future, whether they wanted it to be peaceful or violent. Bilhatu concluded by saying, “It has happened, it has happened. Two wrongs do not make a right. We have to forget the past and embrace one another and see how we can move forward.”

After this talk, the youth agreed to participate in the football program. On the second day, the Christian and Muslim youth trained together, played together, and shared meals together. The football program concluded with a championship match between the top two teams. After the tournament game, all of the youths marched through the community, celebrating the winning team. Both Muslims and Christians marched together through the Christian area in celebration. Then both Christians and Muslims marched together to the Muslim area in celebration.

Adams talking to the youth in his area about peace at the football program in Anglo-Jos.

The third football program held in the area of Angwan Rogo. The rainy season had just begun, but the youth were eager to participate, particularly in the peace activities, despite the threatening rains.

Youth celebrating after completing a peace station in Angwan Rogo.